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Hawker Hurricane's of the RCAF

Home » Archives » Feature Aircraft » Hawker Hurricane's of the RCAF

by Ingwald Wikene

Without a doubt the name of the Hurricane will be forever linked to the "Battle of Britain" during 1940, where together with the Spitfire it added one of the most glorious chapters to the history of the RAF During this battle the Hurricane shot down more enemy aircraft than did all the other air or ground defences combined. Later it was to carry the brunt of the fighting in Malta, in the Western Desert and in Burma until the Spitfire became available in quantity. In 1941 it was the first to make fighter sweeps over the mainland and was the first fighter to carry bombs into action. Later it pioneered the use of rocket-projectiles on fighters and as the Mk.IID was the only fighter to carry twin 40 mm cannon as a tank buster in the Western Desert. The Hurricane was the first RAF fighter to fly faster than 300 mph and the first to carry eight machine guns.

The origin of the Hurricane began in October 1933, when the design of a Fury monoplane powered by a Rolls-Royce Goshawk engine was started. In January 1934, it was decided to use the Rolls-Royce P.V.12 engine which was later to become the famous Merlin. At the same time the name was changed to Interceptor Monoplane. The first prototype (K5083)was ordered on 21 February 1935 and the first flight was made on 6 November 1935. The Hurricane, as it was now called, was successful from the start and, in June 1936, an order for 600 was placed and in November 1938 this was increased to 1,000. On 12 October 1937 the first production Hurricane Mk.I (L1547) made its first flight, this model differed from the prototype in having a 1,030 hp Merlin engine, a modified cockpit canopy, ejector exhaust pipes and a redesigned undercarriage fairing. In January 1938 a fin fairing was added beneath the rear fuselage to assist in recovery from a spin. The first Mk.Is had a two-bladed Watts wooden propeller. This was later replaced by a de Havilland two-position three bladed metal airscrew and finally by de Havilland or Rotol constant-speed propellers which greatly improved the performance. Also the early production Hurricanes had fabric-covered wings; later models, starting with Mk.I N2422 had stressed-skin metal-covered wings. At the outbreak of war 497 Hurricanes had been delivered to RAF Fighter Command and by 7 August 1940 a total of 2,309 aircraft had been delivered. The Hurricane first entered service with No. 111 Squadron at Northolt in December 1937 and a little later with No. 3 Squadron at Kenley. In February 1938 a Hurricane established a high speed record of 408 mph; this flight being made at night at a height of 17,000 ft and with the benefit of a strong tail wind. The Hurricane went along with the Advanced Air Striking Force to France after the war started, serving with Nos. 1, 73, 85 and 87 Squadrons. It was a Hurricane from No. 1 Squadron that shot down the first enemy aircraft by RAF fighters on the Western Front on 30 October 1939.

While the Mk.I was fighting the war, the prototype Mk.II made its first flight on 11 June 1940. This model had the improved Merlin XX instead of the Merlin III of the later Mk.Is. The first of these delivered to the RAF were Mk.IIAs during August 1940, followed in 1941 by the Mk.IIB which carried twelve .303 caliber Browning machine guns. Meanwhile during 1939 experiments were carried out with the installation of 20 mm cannon and, on 24 May 1939, Hurricane L1750 had flown with two of these mounted in the wings. The production version carried four 20 mm cannon, either Oerlikons or B.S.A. Hispanos, and was designated Mk.IIC. The first was sent to the RAF for trials in October 1940. Several modifications were carried out in 1940 and 1941, these included self-sealing fuel tanks, tropicalization (including Vokes filter below nose) for work in the desert, the addition of two 45-gallon under-wing tanks and later two 90-gallon under-wing tanks. Later the Hurricane was converted as a fighter-bomber, at first carrying two 250 lb bombs and later two 500 LB bombs. These Hurribombers first went into action in October 1941; No. 402 (RCAF) Squadron being one of the first units to use this version. During June 1941 the Mk.IID, mounting two 40 mm Vickers cannon, went into action in the Western Desert as a tank buster, and in September 1943 the 'Hurry' was carrying rocket-projectiles and was in action over the Netherlands attacking the lock gates of the canals. The last production version of the Hurricane in England was the Mk.IV which first appeared on 14 March 1943. This model had a "Universal armament wing" and could mount two 40 mm cannon or eight rocket-projectiles or two 500 LB bombs or long-range tanks. It was used primarily for low-level attacks and carried much additional armour.

In action it served on all fronts. In the fall of 1939 they were in France, in May and June 1940 in Norway, in August 1940 they were at Malta and by October of the same year in the Western Desert. During the autumn of 1941 two RAF Hurricane squadrons were sent to Northern Russia, and at the end of 1941 they were at Singapore, and continued to serve in the Burma area until the end of the war. The last Hurricane to see service in the RAF was a Mk.IV flying with No. 6 Squadron in Palestine until October 1946. Although the Hurricane was not the 'glamour gal' that the Spitfire was, it was a rugged and dependable machine and was available in large numbers during the early days of the war. Not as fast as the 'Spit' it was a highly maneuverable aircraft and an excellent gun platform and in the hands of the RAF pilots proved to be a match for anything the Germans, Italians and later the Japanese put up against it.

Not only was the Hurricane supplied to the RAF, but to foreign air forces as well, these being Australia, Belgium, Canada, Egypt, Finland, India, Iran, Ireland, New Zealand, Portugal, Rumania, Russia, Turkey and Yugoslavia. Belgium, Canada and Yugoslavia obtained licenses to manufacture it, but only Canada was able to go into full scale production, a total of 1,451 aircraft being built. In Belgium production was interrupted by the German invasion after only one aircraft was completed. It is not known if any of the Yugoslav Hurricanes were completed before the invasion of that country. During 1941 it went into service with the Royal Navy's Fleet Air Arm as the Sea Hurricane. These aircraft were conversions of existing land-based fighters; some being earlier models obtained from the RAF - veterans of the Battle of Britain. Modified for service on catapult-armed merchant ships and aircraft carriers the Sea Hurricane saw considerable service at sea protecting the convoys from enemy aircraft.

Designed and built by the Hawker Aircraft Ltd., and subcontracted by Gloster Aircraft Co. Ltd., in England, a total of 12,780 Hurricanes were produced, 10,030 by Hawkers and 2,750 by Gloster. Adding to this total the 1,451 'Hurries' built in Canada by the Canadian Car and Foundry Co. gives a grand total of 14,231 Hurricanes built during the war.

THE HURRICANE BUILT IN CANADA

During late 1938 as the war clouds gathered over Europe, concern was felt for the safety of Britain's aircraft factories and early in 1939 an Air Ministry Specification was drawn up for the Canadian Department of National Defence; thereafter a contract was placed with the Canadian Car and Foundry Co. Ltd., of Montreal, by the Air Ministry who released a pattern aircraft (L1848) on 2 March 1939. The first of forty aircraft ordered under this contract - the later Mk.I version built at the Fort William plant - reached Britain only a year later; an indication of the high standard of organization in Canada as well as in Britain, for drawings of every component, jig and tool were committed to microfilm and sent in duplicate to the Canadian company. From 1940 onwards production of the Hurricane amounted to 1,451 aircraft, built under contracts for the RAF placed by the Ministry of Aircraft Production, and under contracts with the Canadian Department of Munitions and Supply for the RCAF.

The first Canadian-built Hurricanes were the later Mk.I version fitted with the Merlin III engine and the three-bladed de Havilland Hamilton Hydromatic propeller, instead of the Merlin II and the Watts wooden two-bladed prop as on the earlier Mk.I. The main production aircraft, starting with the Mk. X, had the American Packard-built Merlin 28, fitted with the American Hamilton Hydromatic three-bladed propeller. The Mks.XI and XII were the same as the Mk.X; the Mk.XIIA having the Packard Merlin 29 engine but otherwise similar to the other versions.

Many of the Canadian-built Hurricanes were supplied to the rapidly expanding RCAF fighter force which began operations in Britain during 1940 and to the Home Defence squadrons in Canada during 1942. Several of the Canadian-built aircraft that were sent to the RAF were later sent on to Russia where the four cannon versions of the Hurricane (150 being produced) were very popular and a few of the Sea Hurricane conversions of the Mk.Xs and XIIs were turned over to the US Navy and saw action during the landings in Algeria in November 1942.

The following is a list of RAF Marks and serial numbers of the Canadian-built Hurricanes.

In the RCAF at home the Canadian-built Hurricanes were given different Mark numbers than the aircraft supplied to the RAF as listed above. Mk.Is and some Mk.Xs were referred to as Mk.XIIAs; the XIs, XIIs and XIIAs (RAF) were Mk.XIIs, and sometimes the RCAF XIIs and XIIAs were called Mk.IIs

IN RCAF SERVICE

During the fall of 1938 the Canadian government ordered 20 Hawker Hurricanes from the British Air Ministry and the first of these were released immediately. Shipped to Montreal and transported across Canada, they were assembled at Vancouver, B C., the first six being completed by the end of February 1939. All 20 of these aircraft, which were the earlier Mk.I version with the Merlin II engine and the two-bladed Watts wooden propeller., were allocated to No. 1 Fighter Squadron which had moved from Calgary to train on the new fighter. During training in the west two aircraft were lost. On 2 March while taking off at Sea Island Airport, Hurricane No. 314 swerved out of control and crashed into a Ford Trimotor transport belonging to Yukon Southern Air Lines. The Hurricane was completely destroyed and the Ford badly damaged. Fortunately no one was killed, the Hurricane pilot suffering minor injuries. However on 8 June the pilot of No. 317 was not so lucky. While on a routine training flight near Mission, B.C., his engine quit and unable to make a forced landing in this area he baled out but his parachute failed to open. Later in the summer the squadron moved back to Calgary and during September moved further east, first to Ottawa and then St. Hubert where it remained for several weeks acquiring new personnel and aircraft. On 3 November 1939 the squadron began its move to Dartmouth, N.S., where they remained until June 1940 when the squadron was shipped overseas with their Hawker Mk.I and Canadian-built Mk.X Hurricanes.

No. 1 "Caribou" - later No. 401 "Rams" Squadron

This, the first RCAF squadron to go into action, was equipped with Canadian-built Mk.X Hurricanes, and arrived in England during June 1940. Based originally at Middle Wallop, in Hampshire, the squadron moved to Croydon early in July for operational training. On 17 August No. 1 moved to Northolt and became operational, but did not see any action until 26 August, when a raiding force of 25-30 Dornier Do 215s was attacked by the Canadians. In this their first battle with the Luftwaffe, the Canadian pilots destroyed three Do 215s and damaged another four. However the squadron lost one Hurricane destroyed and two damaged. For eight weeks No. 1 took part in the Battle of Britain and during this time had destroyed 31 enemy aircraft, probably destroyed eight more, with 35 more credited as damaged. During this action the Canadians lost 16 Hurricanes, but only three pilots were killed in action, ten were wounded and three made successful escapes by parachute.

On 11 October 1940, No. 1 Squadron moved to Prestwick in Scotland for a rest and to take on new personnel and aircraft. Later on during December the squadron moved to Castletown, in Northern Scotland, until 10 February 1941. By 11 February it was based at Driffield, in England, until 28 February and by 1 March was at Digby until 19 October. After the return to England the squadron began converting to the Spitfire and by 7 September ceased flying the Hurricane. On 1 March 1941, the squadron was renumbered and became No. 401, code letters were VO.

No. 2 Squadron - later No. 402 "Winnipeg Bears"

Went overseas as No. 112 "City of Winnipeg" (Army Cooperation) Squadron flying Lysanders, was redesignated as a fighter squadron on 13 December 1940 at which time it was based at Digby. On the 2Oth it was renumbered as No. 2 (Fighter) Squadron and then renumbered as No. 402 on 1 March 1941. Supplied with Hurricanes, No. 2 began operations by flying patrols over convoys on the east coast of Britain and made a few scrambles after reported raiders, but had very few contacts with the enemy. On 15 April, the squadron, now known as No. 402, began making fighter sweeps and flew bomber escorts over Northern France, operating from airfields at Martlesham Heath during June, Ayr in July, and Southend during August. After 1 November, while at Warmwell, Dorset, the Hurricanes were converted to fighter-bombers and began low-level attacks on enemy installations on the mainland. The squadron continued to engage in this role until February 1942 when it moved to Colerne, Wiltshire, leaving the 'Hurries' behind and converted to the Spitfire V, becoming a fighter squadron again.

During operations the squadron lost six aircraft - three shot down, one in collision with a Spitfire and two missing. As mentioned before, No. 402 did not see much action with the Luftwaffe, so when the conversion to fighter-bombers was made its targets were then found on the ground. In the air action only three enemy planes were shot down, five damaged and four probably destroyed. Sgt. 0. Moclusky made 402's first kill, on ( September 1941 he shot down a Me 109 and on the 27th he shared another Me 109 destroyed with S/I V.B. Corbett. The third enemy plane shot down was scored by F/S R.J. Emberg on 17 February 1942, another Me 109.

No. 417 "City of Windsor" Squadron

Originally a Spitfire squadron in Britain, No. 417 was posted to Egypt during May 1942 leaving the Spitfires behind. Arriving in Egypt in early June the squadron did not receive aircraft until 6 September; these were Mk.Is and IIDs which they flew until October. On l8 September they received Mk.IIC Hurricanes and these were flown until 14 January 1943. Operations began on 13 September from Sandur, an airfield near the city of Suez on the Suez Canal, their first duties being flying patrols over the city and along the canal. During October No. 417 was moved to another airfield at Idku, near Rosetta on the Nile Delta. Here they flew patrols over Rosetta and Alexandria, where, as at Suez, very few enemy planes were encountered. Over Suez three Junkers Ju88s were intercepted on 26 September, but only one of these was shot down. F/S J.H.G. Le-guerrier was the pilot who scored No. 417's first victory. On patrol over the Nile Delta during October, one Me 109F was attacked but it escaped, and on 4 December, a Ju88 was attacked but only claimed as damaged. This was the only action the Hurricanes of No. 417 were to see, for in early January they were replaced by the Spitfire V with the squadron getting ready to move out into the Western Desert.

No. 438 "Wildcat" Squadron

Formerly No. 118 Squadron in Canada, No. 438 began training on Hurricane Mk.IVs (rocket-projectile versions) at Digby in England during 21-24 November 1943. On the 24th it moved to Wellingore, Lancashire where they remained until 9 January 1944, moving again to Ayr, Scotland from 9 January until 18 March. From 18 March to 3 April they were at Hurn, Hampshire and from 3 April until 19 April at Huntington. On the 19th the squadron moved tack to Hurn.

On 22 November 1943 the squadron received six Hurricanes and by September had 18 on strength including some Mk.IIs. By early May all the Hurricanes were disposed of and the squadron was now operating the Typhoon; the Hurricanes had only been used for training purposes.

No. 439 "Westmount" Squadron

Was formerly No. 123 Squadron in Canada and shipped overseas during November 1943. While based at Wellingore the squadron received two Hurricanes IVs on 6 January 1944. On 8 January the sqradron moved to Ayr and on 18 March was at Hurn. At the end of March it had nine Hurricanes on strength, but by 11 April only one was left. It was disposed of some time in June, having served as a drogue aircraft when the squadron began flying Typhoons.

No. 440 "Beaver" or "City of Ottawa" Squadron

This was formerly No. 111 Squadron in Canada and moved overseas during December 1943. On 16 February 1944 the squadron began receiving Hurricane IVs as well as Typhoons while at Ayr. The squadron moved to Hurn on 18 March, then to Huntington on 2 April and back to Hurn on the 19th. Until the end of April No. 440 had 11 Hurricanes on strength, but at this time all but one of these were disposed of, the remaining one being used as a drogue aircraft.

Although only used operationally by three RCAF squadrons overseas the Hurricane was flown by many Canadians serving in the RAF during the Battle of Britain, at Malta, in Greece, in the Western Desert and in South-East Asia. In the RAF, No. 242 Squadron was known as the "Canadian Squadron" and this unit contained many Canadians that saw much of the earlier fighting, first in France and later during the Battle of Britain. Some of the top Canadian Aces such as V.C. "Woody" Woodward, DFC & Bar, from Victoria, B.C., scored 15 1/2 of his total of 21 1/2 victories with the Hurricane in Greece and the Western Desert; M.H. "Hilly" Brown, DFC & Bar, scored all of his 18-1/2 destroyed with No. 242 during the "Battle"; W.L. McKnight, DFC & Bar, from Calgary, Alberta, destroyed 15-1/2 of his total of 16-1/2; P.S. Thrner, DFC & Bar, 12 of his score of 14; R.A. "Butch" Barton, DFC & Bar, 13-1/2 all with the "Hurry" and 0.0. Keefer, DSO & Bar, DFC & Bar, 7 victories of his total of 13, plus many others who gained all or most of their earlier victories while flying the Hurricane.

On the Home Front, Canadian-built Hurricanes were supplied to 11 squadrons during 1942 and 1943, where it shared in the Air Defence of Canada with the Kittyhawk squadrons. Serving mostly in Eastern Air Command where eight squadrons were based, the Hurricanes were the main Air Defence aircraft for this area. Only three squadrons served in Western Air Command, the main Air Defence being maintained by the Kittyhawk units, one of which formerly flew Hurricanes and Kittyhawks but disposed of the former before moving west. However towards the end of the war these western Hurricane squadrons were equipped with later model Kittyhawks.

No. 118 (Fighter) Squadron

Was formerly an Army Co-operation unit flying Lysanders and Goblins. On 15 August 1941 the squadron began testing Hurricanes and for the rest of the year engaged in this role, no Hurricanes were taken on strength until January 1942. From this date on until June, No. 118 operated a flight of Hurricanes as well as a flight of Kittyhawks at Dartmouth, N.S. During June the squadron moved west with the Kittyhawks leaving the Hurricanes behind.

No. 123 (Army Co-operation) Squadron

Based at Debert, N.S., No. 123 Squadron acquired two Hurricanes in November 1942. In February 1943 another one was obtained and later another one was added but this crashed on 16 July 1943. The squadron flew these "Hurries" together with a mixed bag of aircraft including Lysanders, Harvards, Ansons and Bolingbrokes. By the end of July 1943 the above Hurricanes were disposed of, but, on 12 August, the squadron began receiving Mk.XII "Hurries" from Scoudouc, N.B., a total of seven aircraft of this version were on strength by the end of September. During November 1943 the squadron was sent overseas and became No. 439 Squadron.

No. 125 (Fighter) Squadron

Formed at Sydney, N.S., on 20 April 1942 as a Hurricane unit under command of S/L R.W. Norris. By 27 May they had 13 Hurricanes on strength. The squadron moved to Torbay, Newfoundland, on 9 June 1942. Here on 27 August the first fatal accident occurred, when Hurricane 1360 crashed killing Sgt. Ruggles. On 15 June 1943, the squadron moved back to Sydney, the move being completed by the 25th. The squadron remained there until December when it was sent overseas and became No. 441 Squadron.

No. 126 (Fighter) Squadron

Formed on 20 April 1942 at Dartmouth, N.S., with F/L A.M. Yuile as Commanding Officer. The first aircraft were received on 27 April, some from No. 118 Squadron. By the end of May the Squadron had eight Hurricanes and four Harvards; later the strength was 13-15 "Hurries" amd 2-4 Harvards. On 15 July the squadron began moving to Gander, Newfoundland the move being completed by the 29th. During June 1943 No. 126 moved back to Dartmouth and remained there until it was dis banded on 30 May 1944.

No. 127 (Fighter) Squadron

Formed at Dartmouth on 4 July 1942, by the end of the month it had 13 Hurricanes and 3 Harvards on strength. On 20 August the squadron moved to Gander, remaining there until 24 July 1943 when it moved back to Dartmouth. Here the squadron remained until 23 December when the squadron was moved overseas and became No. 443 Squadron. Shortly before moving overseas it was under the command of S/L H.W. McLeod, DFC & Bar, a veteran fighter ace with a score of 13 victories.

No. 128 (Fighter) Squadron

Formed at Sydney on 1 May 1942, the squadron did not receive their Hurricanes until 13 June. The squadron moved to Torbay during 24 and 26 June 1943 (rotating with No. 125 Squadron) and by 15 March 1944 was disbanded. No. 128 flew Mk.Is until June 1943, the first Mk.XIIs were received on l8 December 1942.

No. 129 (Fighter) Squadron

This unit was formed at Dartmouth on 27 August 1942 when 15 Sea Hurricanes were taken on strength. These were RCAF Mk.XIIAs. On 23 January 1943 the squadron began receiving Mk.XII "Hurries" and by the end of April all the Mk.XIIAs were gone. During April 1943, the squadron moved to Goose Bay, Labrador, on October 26th to Bagotville, P.Q., on December 30th to Dartmouth, N.S., and on 1 June 1944 to Gander, Newfoundland, where it was disbanded on 30 September of the same year.

No. 130 (Fighter) Squadron

Formed on 1 May 1942 at Mont Joli, P.Q., with Kittyhawks, the squadron later moved to Bagotville, where it began to receive Hurricanes on 19 September. By the end of the month there were seven on strength and by the end of October, No. 130 had nine Hurricanes, three Harvards and one Lysander, and all the Kittyhawks were gone. During October 1943 the squadron moved to Goose Bay, Labrador, and by 15 March 1944, it was disbanded.

No. 133 (Fighter) Squadron

Formed at Lethbridge, Alberta, on 3 June 1942, with Hurricanes and Harvards, by the end of the month, No. 133 had 24 Hurricanes on strength. It moved to Boundary Bay, B.C. on 5 October 1942, to Tofino on Vancouver Island on 1 July 1943 and then to Sea Island on 10 March 1944. On 11 March the squadron began converting to the Kittyhawk and on the 12th transferred 15 Hurricanes to No. 135 Squadron.

No. 135 Fighter Squadron

Formed on 15 June 1942 at Mosabank, Sask., No. 135 began receiving Harvards on the 27th of this month and, on 8 July, they received three Hurricanes on loan from No. 133 Squadron at Lethbridge. Shortly afterwards the squadron began receiving Hurricanes directly from the Fort William plant. By 4 October the squadron had moved to Patricia Bay, B.C., during 14-15 August 1943 to Annatte Island, Alaaka, and than moved to Terrace, B.C., on 12 November. Sometime during March 1944, their Hurricanes ware placed in storage and the personnel moved to Patricia Bay, B.C., on the 12th after picking up No. 133 Squadron's aircraft at Sea Island. They used these aircraft for about two months and then began converting to the Kittyhawk during the 6th to the 10th of May.

No. 163 (Army Co-operation) Souadron

This squadron received two Hurricanes in June 1943 while at Sea Island and by the end of July there were six on strength as well as 10 Harvards and one Crane. By the end of November the squadron was using 5 Hurricanes, 15 Kittyhswks, 3 Harvards and 1 Crane. Early in December 1943, all Hurricanes were flown out and delivered to Tofino and Patricia Bay.

No. 1 (Fighter) Operational Training Unit

Formed at Bagotville, P.Q., No. 1 OTU operated Hurricanes from 25 August 1942 until it was disbanded on 31 January 1945. Top strength was from the summer of 1943 to the fall of 1944 when there were from 60-70 aircraft in use at any one time.

No. 8 (Night Fighter) Operational Training Unit

This unit,at Greenwood, N.S., operated a few Hurricanes during 1944.

After serving with the operational squadrons, some of the Hurricanes were placed in many of the Bombing and Gunnery Schools. Two were sent to RCAF Station Macdonald during 1943 for advanced pilot training, one of which had formerly served with No. 118 Squadron at Dartmouth. It is this Hurricane that has been recently restored by Bob Diemert, of Carman, Manitoba. Diemert bought the aircraft in 1962 and by 1966 had restored it to flying condition. In October 1966 it was shipped overseas to Britain to fly in a movie called "The Battle of Britain". Another Hurricane is on display at the National Aeronautical Collection at Rockcliffe. This is a Mx.XII, RCAF 5584, and during the war served with Nos. 133 and 135 Squadrons on the west coast. These are the last surviving Canadian-built Hurricanes known to exist, and the one rebuilt by Diemart is the only one flying in North America. Taken on strength on 14 February 1939, the Hurricane was used in Canada on operational duties until 10 May 1944, when it was replaced by the Kittyhawks IVs. It continued to serve on operational training until 31 January 1945 and the last one was finally struck off strength on 29 June 1948.

BIBLIOGRAPHY
AIRCRAFT OF THE ROYAL AIR FORCE 1918-1957 by Owen Thatford
THE HAWKER HURRICANE by Francis C. Mason
THE RCAF OVERSEAS, THE FIRST FOUR YEARS by Oxford University Press
JANE'S "ALL THE WORLD'S AIRCRAFT" (1945-1946) ACES HIGH by C. Shores and C. Williams

Newspaper
STAR WEEELY "The Canadian"
Article by Barry Craig

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